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1. The Odyssey (Homer, 8th Century BC)

The Odyssey, Homer’s heroic poem of the 8th Century BC, topped our poll. Why was it the primary choice? consistent with writer and broadcaster Natalie Haynes: “Because it's one among the good foundational myths of western culture; because it asks what it means to be a hero; because it's great female characters in it, also as men; because it's filled with gods and monsters and is correctly epic and since it forces us to question the assumptions we'd have about quests, war, and therefore the ever-current issue of what it means to return home.” Lisa Appignanesi, novelist and critic, picks out its influence on all that followed, arguing “It’s a basic story template – of the journey which is additionally a return”. Kenneth W Warren, Professor of English at the University of Chicago, agrees. “There’s no getting around how foundational Homer’s epic has been for storytelling within the West. The Odyssey has provided the architecture for the search narrative and therefore the template for characterising male and feminine virtue in ways in which shape, enable, and limit our storytelling habits into this .” David Varno, critic , highlights the ingenuity woven through the epic poem: “The many triumphs of wit and grit on the a part of Odysseus and Penelope must have counted for something over the millennia.” Meanwhile, Bethanne Patrick, Contributing Editor of Lit Hub, picks out another strand. “I believe the journey of Odysseus defined a streak of individualism particular to Western culture that has led to much change within the world – good and bad.” and therefore the novelist Beverley Naidoo hones in on the ways it's become embedded in wider culture: “The multiple stories within Odysseus’ 10-year journey home after the Trojan War , while faithful Penelope waits for him and son Telemachus seeks him, have seeped deep into our cultural consciousness. The human elements within this myriad of stories still resonate down the centuries, allowing endless reinterpretation.” (Credit: Howard Timberlake)

2. Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Harriet Beecher Stowe, 1852)

2. Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Harriet Beecher Stowe, 1852)

Harriet Beecher Stowe’s 1852 novel came in at number two, and for Zimbabwean novelist Tendai Huchu, “it is tough to consider any literary composition today that would ever have such an impression .” Jenny Bhatt, writer and Contributing Editor at PopMatters calls it “the first widely-read political novel within the US” and “the first work of fiction that openly addressed the cruelty of slavery, human exploitation, the lopsided system , the entrenched patriarchy, the necessity for feminism, and more.” It became one among the foremost popular books of the century – within the US and abroad – and is credited with radically altering the perception of slavery, with many citizens noting its influence on the abolition movement. Its human focus and involve empathy struck a chord among readers. Author and novelist Roxana Robinson says it “told the story of slavery through the eyes of the enslaved, and was one among the primary novels to point out black characters as fathers and mothers, parents and youngsters – citizenry , who were living under inhuman conditions.” The novel isn't without its faults – translator Caroline Alexander calls it “embarrassingly sentimental” – and has perhaps, not aged well: today its characterisation is criticised for its “poor stereotypes” (Jenny Bhatt), while Tendai Huchu points out that “the term Uncle Tom has become an epithet of abuse, faraway from what the author intended.” Nevertheless, its impact is undeniable, influencing generations of writers, and being translated into several languages. Novelist, poet and critic Elizabeth Rosner says it “effectively helped a whole nation not only to question its deplorable laws and practices but also to vary forever a system of violently racist dehumanisation. That, for me, defines literature at its best.” And for Rebecca Steinitz, novelist and critic at The Boston Globe, “it continues to be a touchpoint for our reckoning with race and representation.” (Credit: Howard Timberlake)

3. Frankenstein (Mary Shelley, 1818)

3. Frankenstein (Mary Shelley, 1818)

Mary Shelley’s 1818 novel, which celebrates its 200th anniversary this year, is “the quintessential story of the fashionable world” says Roger Luckhurst, Professor of recent and Contemporary Literature at Birkbeck College, London. It’s a “violent reconfiguring of our understanding of life and death, God and human and machine, within the pitiless light of modernity,” consistent with the US novelist and critic Lev Grossman. The compelling story of the scientist who brings a creature to life has become one among the foremost enduring images in modern literature and beyond, and therefore the monster is the “ultimate metaphor”, says Lena Wånggren, Research Fellow in English Literature at the University of Edinburgh. The novel’s impact, both in terms of literature and in wider culture is immeasurable, as Nilanjana S Roy, novelist and Financial Times columnist, points out: “Frankenstein influenced scientists also as writers… [and] speaks to the fashionable fear of the creations that spin of our control”; for Tess Taylor, poet and reviewer for NPR's All Things Considered “this book has become not only a template whose basic narrative we now commonly share, but a lens through which to read our world.” (Credit: Howard Timberlake)

4. Nineteen Eighty-Four (George Orwell, 1949)

4. Nineteen Eighty-Four (George Orwell, 1949)

George Orwell’s ground-breaking dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four was a well-liked choice with our voters. Why? “Because it captures a truth about totalitarianism and human history,” says book critic Alex Clark. Novelist and reviewer at the Boston Globe, Rebecca Steinitz, meanwhile, comments on how the story’s “themes of totalitarianism, technology and surveillance are endlessly relevant and resonant since the day it appeared.” Adam Thorpe, critic and author of Missing Fay among other novels, points to the book’s unique blend of past and future: “The eponymous year itself could also be gone , and therefore the novel's gadgets now have a quaint, even hipsterish air, yet the date remains sealed in its nightmarish guise as a vision of the longer term .” there's an “uncanny accuracy” says Jean Seaton, Professor of Media History at Westminster University, within the book’s definition of recent tyranny: “Now quite ever, we seem to measure within the framework it identified… Even the author’s name – ‘Orwellian’ – conjures up a world of thought control. Its precision about the mechanisms of propaganda and therefore the machinery of oppression possesses it banned by every authoritarian regime: they're frightened of its power to call horror. it's a handbook for those that want to resist.” All those that chose Orwell’s masterpiece seem to agree on one thing – the novel’s scary prescience. “Big Brother gets all the eye ,” says novelist and columnist Nilanjana S Roy. “But it’s the remainder , the eagerness to hitch mobs, to obey, to hurt, that he caught so unforgettably.” Or, as BBC Culture Editor Rebecca Laurence succinctly puts it: “The ultimate 20th-Century novel becomes the last word 21st-Century novel. Terrifying.” (Credit: Howard Timberlake)

5. Things disintegrate (Chinua Achebe, 1958)

5. Things disintegrate (Chinua Achebe, 1958)

Telling the story of the colonisation of a Nigerian tribe from the purpose of view of an African, Things disintegrate exploded stereotypes about Africa and delivered to life truth impact of cross-cultural misunderstandings. Achebe said that “this was the primary time we were seeing ourselves, as autonomous individuals, instead of half-people, or as Conrad would say, ‘rudimentary souls’” – many of these who skilled our poll agreed, and it reached number five. “Published within my lifetime, it's been possible to ascertain the effect of one work of fiction in offering a radically different ‘view of Africa’,” says the novelist Beverley Naidoo. “The European colonial narrative could never be an equivalent after this first work by Achebe was published.” It’s “an empowering African novel: it brought African experience to the planet like no other African fiction has”, consistent with Dominica Dipio, professor of Literature at Makerere University in Uganda. Noun Fare, a novelist and journalist from Togo, calls Chinua Achebe’s 1959 novel “a milestone in African literature. it's come to be seen because the archetypal modern African novel in English, and is read in Nigeria and throughout Africa”. By changing the filter through which the continent was seen, Things disintegrate could help combat prejudices. “The novel showed readers what an African world seemed like when it had been not being reduced to canned images animated by racist assumptions,” says Ainehi Edoro-Glines, a Nigerian academic. “Achebe’s innovation was to vary the conventions of recent storytelling in order that rather than seeing darkness any time readers checked out Africa, they’d see what every novel was designed to point out – a posh representation of life.” (Credit: Howard Timberlake)

6. One Thousand and One Nights (various authors, 8th-18th Centuries)

6. One Thousand and One Nights (various authors, 8th-18th Centuries)

The classic One Thousand and One Nights, is another top pick. “A timeless work,” says Ainehi Edoro-Glines, professor of Literature, Marquette University. “It gets at the primordial human desire for the story that never ends – which may very easily represent life that never involves an end.” Ahdaf Soueif, novelist, writer and commentator, points out: “Many characters, motifs and quotations (‘Open Sesame!’) from this set of stories within stories became common parlance across the planet . within the west, the ‘Nights’ has definitely coloured the view of the ‘Orient.’” Or as BBC journalist Sophia Smith Galer puts it: “The symbols and characters within the stories – from Aladdin’s cave to devilish adventurers, djinn and harems – still show in 2018 how cultural appropriation, appreciation and racism still manifest within the parameters of Arabian Nights' Entertainment imagery.” “It’s the deepest of wells,” says novelist and columnist Nilanjana S Roy. “In medieval and times , from writers to singers and film-makers, we never stopped drawing from it.” Critic Muneeza Shamsie, meanwhile, admires “Sheherazade’s courage, intelligence and confidence and therefore the incontrovertible fact that she succeeds, asserts the facility of storytelling and imagination over that of tyranny and terror – an idea which has strongly influenced the ideals and concepts of our world.” And Lena Merhej, a comic book artist from Lebanon, picked the book “because it gives a subversive voice to a lady that uses it as a weapon for her survival.” (Credit: Howard Timberlake)

7. Don Quixote (Miguel de Cervantes, 1605-1615)

7. Don Quixote (Miguel de Cervantes, 1605-1615)

Many consider Don Quixote, published in two volumes, in 1605 and 1615, to be the primary novel. Terry Hong, critic at the Smithsonian Asian-Pacific American Center, certainly thinks so: “The Western canon was established with this evergreen, never-aging buddy adventure.” Miguel de Cervantes’ satirical account of an aging Spaniard besotted with tales of chivalry who becomes a latter-day knight-errant himself has inspired a long-in-development film by Terry Gilliam, which just premiered at the Cannes festival , and a well-liked Broadway musical. Susan Larson, critic at WWNO and therefore the New Orleans Advocate, has an evidence for why it's endured for therefore long: “This comic masterpiece has inspired countless writers and readers across the centuries with the persistence and surprisingly modern charm of its questing protagonist and his loyal sidekick.” So can we call Don Quixote the primary buddy comedy, as well? David Varno, US-based critic , adds: “This portrait of determination to dream meaning into one's life continues to deepen our understanding of what it means to be human. We all have the potential to be a Quixote, permanently or for ill, and Cervantes reminds us how important it's to tease this when it's revealed in others and in ourselves.” (Credit: Howard Timberlake)